Mst. Nahid Akter
1Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
*Corresponding author: mstnahidakter@gmail.com
Article history: Received: 1.9.2021, Accepted: 21.10.2021, Published: Online: 31.10.2021
To cite this article: Akter, MN. 2021. Role and mode of action of using probiotic (Lactic Acid Bacteria) and prebiotic (Mannan Oligosaccharide) in aquaculture. .Intl. J. Agric. Med. Plants. 2(5): 1-17.
ABSTRACT
The principal function of a diet is not only to offena sufficient amount of nutrients to accomplish metabolic desires of the body but also to amend various functions of the body. Probiotics and prebiotics are either beneficial microorganisms or substrates that help the growth of these microorganisms which can be suitably harnessed by the food manufacturers and holds considerable promise for health care industry. When these dietary supplements provided in feeds, even in small amounts increase growth and survival during culture, improve feed conversion, enhance development and improve immune status and /or stress of fishes and crustaceans. All of these benefits are occurred due to modulation of gastrointestinal (GI) microbes and improved physical GI structures. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacillus acidophilus, are considered to be one of the most utilized probiotic strains. This group of bacteria produces lactic acid as their main metabolic product during carbohydrate fermentation benefits the host animal by modifying the growth of beneficial microorganisms which ultimately outcompete potentially hazardous bacteria in the intestinal ecosystem and reinforce the natural defence mechanisms. Among the established prebiotics, mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) is one of the preferable prebiotics used as the dietary supplement for fish and crustacean species. The most promising prospects of using probiotics and prebiotics are sketched out, but considerable efforts of research will be necessary to elucidate various factors in order to develop their applications in aquaculture, as it is clear that probiotic and prebiotic efficiency is dependent on a number of independent and interacting factors related to the culture conditions and host species. This article gives an overview of probiotic (LAB) and prebiotic (MOS), their health effects, mode of action and safety issues including future prospects.
Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, Mannan oligosaccharide, Mode of action, Probiotics
REFERENCES
Akrami R, Chitsaz H, Hezaarjaribi A and Ziaei R. 2012a. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth performance and immune response of gibel carp juveniles (Carassius auratusgibelio). Journal of Veterinary Advances, 2(10), 507-513.
Akrami R, Razeghi-Mansour M, Chitsaz H, Ziaee R and Ahmadi Z. 2012b. Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth performance, survival, body composition and some hematological parameters of carp juvenile (Cyprinus carpio).Journal of Animal Science Advances. 2(11): 879-885.
Akter MN. 2015. Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and mannan oligosaccharide on growth performance, intestinal morphology, digestive enzyme activities, haematology and resistance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, sauvage, 1878) juveniles against Aeromonas hydrophila. PhD thesis. pp 1-311.
Akter N, Hashim R, Pham HQ, Choi SD, Lee DW, Shin J H and Rajagopal K. 2020. Lactobacillus acidophilus antimicrobial peptide is antagonistic to Aeromonas hydrophila. Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 570851.
Akter MN, Hashim R, Sutriana A and Nor SAM. 2018. Effectiveness of the fermentative extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus as antimicrobials against Aeromonas hydrophila.Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 12(4): 81-88.
Akter MN, Hashim R, Sutriana A and Nor SAM. 2019. Influence of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on haematological and immunological responses and disease resistance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Sauvage, 1878) juveniles. Aquaculture International. 27(5): 1535-1551.
Akter MN, Sutriana A, Talpur AD and Hashim R. 2016.Dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide influences growth, digestive enzymes, intestinal morphology, and microflora in juvenile striped catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. Aquaculture International.24: 127-144.
Al-Dohail MA. 2010. Effect of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus on pathogenic bacteria, growth, hematological parameters and histopathology of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. PhD thesis. 1-201.
Al-Dohail MA, Hashim R and Aliyu-Paiko M. 2009. Effects of the probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus, on the growth performance, haematology parameters and immunoglobulin concentration in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) fingerling. Aquaculture Research. 40: 1642–1652.
Al‐Dohail MA, Hashim R, and Aliyu‐Paiko M. 2011. Evaluating the use of Lactobacillus acidophilus as a bio control agent against common pathogenic bacteria and the effects on the haematology parameters and histopathology in African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles. Aquaculture Research.42(2): 196-209.
Aly SM, Ahmed YAG, Ghareeb AAA and Mohamed M F. 2008. Studies on Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus acidophilus, as potential probiotics, on the immune response and resistance of Tilapia nilotica (Oreochromis nilotica) to challenge infections. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 25: 128-136.
Andrews SR, Sahu NP, Pal AK and Kumar S. 2009. Haematological modulation and growth of Labeorohita finger lings: effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide, yeast extract, protein hydrolysate and chlorella. Aquaculture Research. 41(1): 61-69.
Bagheri T, Hedayati SA, Yavari V, Alizade M and Farzanfar A. 2008. Growth, survival and gut microbial load of Rainbow Trout (Oreochromis mykiss) fry given diet supplemented with probiotic during the two months of first feeding. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 8: 43-48.
Bailey JS, Blankenship LC and Cox NA. 1991. Effect of fructooligosaccharide on Salmonella colonization of the chicken intestine. Poultry Science. 70(12): 2433-2438.
Balcázar JL, de Blas I, Ruiz‐Zarzuela I, Vendrell D, Gironés O and Muzquiz JL. 2007. Enhancement of the immune response and protection induced by probiotic lactic acid bacteria against furunculosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 51(1): 185-193.
Balcázar JL, Vendrell D, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I and Muzquiz JL. 2004. Probiotics: a tool for the future of fish and shellfish health management. Journal of Aquaculture in the Tropics. 19: 239-242.
Balcázar JL, Vendrell D, de Blas I, Ruiz-Zarzuela I, Muzquiz JL and Girones O. 2008. Characterization of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from intestinal microbiota of fish. Aquaculture. 278: 188-191.
Blaut M. 2002.Relationship of prebiotics and food to intestinal microbiota. European Journal of Nutrition (Suppl 1). 41: 11-16.
Blaxhall PC. 1972. The haematological assessment of the health of freshwater fish.Journal of Fish Biology. 4(4): 593-604.
Bondad-Reantaso MG, Subasinghe RP, Arthur JR, Ogawa K, Chinabut S, Adlard R, Tan Z and Shariff M. 2005. Disease and health management in Asian aquaculture.Veterinary Parasitology. 132(3): 249-272.
Bowser PR, Wooster GA, Chen CY and Mo RS. 2004. Polycrobic infection of hybrid striped bass (Moronechrysops x Moronesaxatilis) with three bacterial pathogens. Journal of Fish Dieases. 27: 123-127.
Cerezuela R, Guardiola FA, Meseguer J and Esteban M Á. 2012. Increases in immune parameters by inulin and Bacillus subtilis dietary administration to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L) did not correlate with disease resistance to Photobacterium damselae. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 32: 1032-1040.
Chichlowski M, Croom J, McBride BW, Havenstein G B and Koci MD. 2007. Metabolic and physiological impact of probiotics or direct-fed-microbials on poultry: a brief review of current knowledge. International Journal of Poultry Science. 6(10): 694-704.
Clements KD. 1997. Fermentation and gastrointestinal microorganisms in fishes. In: Mackie, R. I. and White, B. A. (eds), Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Vol. 1 (Gastrointestinal ecosystems and fermentations). Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, pp. 156-198.
Conway PL. 1997. Development of intestinal microbiota. Gastrointestinal Microbiology. 2: 3-38.
Cummings JH, Antoine JM, Azpiroz F, Bourdet-Sicard, R, Brandtzaeg P, Calder PC, Gibson GR, Guarner F, Isolauri E, Pannemans D, Shortt C, Tuijtelaars S and Watzl B. 2004. Gut health and immunity. European Journal of Nutrition. 43:118-173.
Daniels CL, Merrifield DL, Boothroyd DP, Davies SJ, Factor JR, Arnold KE. 2010. Effect of dietary Bacillus spp. and mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on European lobster (Homarus gammarus L) larvae growth performance, gut morphology and gut microbiota. Aquaculture. 304(1-4): 49-57.
Defoirdt T, Boon N, Sorgeloos P, Verstraete W and Bossien P. 2007. Alternatives to antibiotics to control bacterial infections: luminescent vibriosis in aquaculture as an example. Trendsin Biotecnology. 25(10): 472-479.
De Keersmaecker SCJ, Verhoeven TLA, Desair J, Marchal K, Vanderleyden J and Nagy I. 2006. Strong antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG against Salmonella typhimurium is due to accumulation of lactic acid. FEMS Microbiology Letters. 259(1): 89-96.
Denev S, Staykov Y, Moutafchieva R and Beev G. 2009. Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract of fish and the potential application of probiotics and prebiotics in finfish aquaculture. International Aquatic Research. 1(1): 1-29.
Denji KA, Mansour MR, Akrami R, Gobadi S, Jafarpour S A and Mirbeygi SK. 2015.Effect of dietary prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, intestinal microflora, body composition, haematological and blood serum biochemical parametersof rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss) Juveniles. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 10: 255-265.
De Pedro N, Guijarro AI, López-PatiñoMA, Martínez-Ȃlvarez R and Delgado MJ. 2005. Daily and seasonal variations in haematological and blood biochemical parameters in the tench, Tincatinca Linnaeus, 1758.Aquaculture Research. 36: 1185-1196.
De Vrese M and Marteau PR. 2007. Probiotics and prebiotics: effects on diarrhea. The Journal of Nutrition. 137(3): 803S-811S.
Dimitroglou A, Davies S and Sweetman J.2008. The effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on the intestinal histology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology. 150(3): S63.
Dimitroglou A, Merrifield DL, Moate R, Davies SJ, Spring P, Sweetman J andBradley G. 2009. Dietary mannan oligosaccharide supplementation modulates intestinal microbial ecology and improves gut morphology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal of Animal Science. 87: 3226-3234.
Dimitroglou A, Merrifield DL, Spring P, Sweetman J, Moate R and Davies SJ. 2010. Effects of mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) supplementation on growth performance feed utilisation, intestinal histology and gut microbiota of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture. 300: 182-188.
El-Bakary NER and El-Gammal HL. 2010. Comparative histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on the liver of flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) and sea bream (Sparus aurata). Global Veterinaria. 4(6): 548-553.
El-Ezabi MM, El-Serafy SS, Essa MA, Lall S, Daboor S M and Esmael NA. 2011. The viability of probiotics as a factor influencing the immune response in the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries. 15(1): 105-124.
Enany ME, El-Atta MEA and Tantawy MME. 2012.In vitro the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus cell free extract and crab haemolymph serum as antagonizing Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginolyticus. Egyptian Journal for Aquaculture. 2(2): 63-72.
Fairchild AS, Grimes JL, Jones FT, Wineland MJ, Edens FW and Sefton AE. 2001. Effects of hen age, Bio-Mos®, and Flavomycin® on poult susceptibility to oral Escherichia coli challenge. Poultry Science. 80(5): 562-571.
FAO.2001. Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria. In the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Consultation report on Evaluation of Health and Nutritional Properties of Probiotics in Food Including Powder Milk with Live Lactic Acid Bacteria (October 2001).
Farzanfar A. 2006. The use of probiotics in shrimp aquaculture. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 48: 149-158.
Ferket PR. 2004. Alternative to antibiotics in poultry production: responses, practical experience and recommendation. In: Lyons, T. P. and Jaxqes, K. A. (eds), Nutritional Biotechnoology in the feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of Altech’s 20th Annual Symposium. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, UK, pp. 57-67.
Flickinger EA, Loo JV and Fahey GC. 2003. Nutritional responses to the presence of inulin and oligofructose in the diets of domesticated animals: a review. Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition. 43: 19–60.
Floach MN, Gorbach SL and Lucky TD. 1970. Symposium: the intestinal microflora. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.23: 1425-1540.
Flynn S, van Sinderen D, Thornton GM, Holo H, Nes IF and Collins K. 2002. Characterization of the genetic locus responsible for the production of ABP-118, a novel bacteriocin produced by the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus salivarius subsp. salivarius UCC118. Microbiology.148: 973-984.
Fonden R, Mogensen G, Tanaka R and Salminen S. 2000. Culture-containing dairy products-effect on intestinal microflora, human nutrition and health: current knowledge and future perspectives. Bulletin of the International Dairy Federation. 352: 5-30.
Fons M, Gomez A and Karjalainen T. 2000. Mechanisms of coloniation and colonisation resistance of the digestive tract. Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease. 2: 240-246.
Fuller R. 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology.66(5): 365-378.
Fuller R. 1992. History and development of probiotics. In: Fuller, R. D. (ed), Probiotics: the scientific bases. International conference on AIDS 2004 July 11-16; 15: Abstract no. E. 10839. Chayoman and Hall, New York, pp. 1-8.
Gatesoupe FJ. 1999. The use of probiotics in aquaculture. Aquaculture. 180(1-2): 147–165.
Gatesoupe FJ. 2005. Probiotics and prebiotics for fish culture, at the parting of the ways. Aqua Feeds: Formulation and Beyond. 2(3): 3-5.
Gelibolu S, Yanar Y, Genc MA, Genc E. 2018. The effect of mannan-oligosaccharide (MOS) as a feed supplement on growth and some blood parameters of Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata).Turish JournalofFisheries and Aquatic Science. 18: 817-823.
Genc MA, Aktas M, Gen E and Yilmaz E. 2007.Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on growth, body composition and hepatopancreas histology of Penaeus semisulcatus (de Haan 1844). Aquaculture Nutrition. 13: 156-161.
Gibson GR, Probert HM, Van Loo J, Rastall RA and Roberfroid MB. 2004. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Updating the concept of prebiotics. Nutrition Research Reviews.17: 259-275.
Gibson GR and Roberfroid MB. 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: Introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition. 125: 1401-1412.
Gómez-Gil B, Roque Aand Turnbull JF. 2000. The use and selection of probiotic bacteria for use in the culture of larval aquatic organisms. Aquaculture. 191: 259-270.
Gotteland M, Brunser O and Cruchet S. 2006. Systematic Review: Are probiotics useful in controlling gastric colonization by Helicobacter pylori? Alimentary Pharmacology Therapeutics. 23: 1077–1086.
Gram L, Melchiorsen J, Spanggaard B, Huber I and Nielsen TF. 1999.Inhibition of Vibrio anguillarum by Pseudomonas fluorescens AH2, a possible probiotic treatment of fish. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 65: 969–973.
Gültepe N, Hisar O, Salnur S, Hoşsu B, Tanrikul TT and Aydın S. 2012. Preliminary Assessment of Dietary mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance and health status of Gilthead Seabream Sparus auratus. Journal of Aquatic Animal Health. 24(1): 37-42.
Gültepe N, Salnur S, Hossu B and Hisar O. 2011. Dietary supplementation with Mannan- oligosaccharides (MOS) from Bio-Mos enhances growth parameters and digestive capacity of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Aquaculture Nutrition. 17(5): 482-487.
Hai VN and Fotedar R. 2009. Comparison of the effects of the prebiotics (Bio-Mos@ and β-1-3-D-glucan) and the customised probiotics (Pseudomonas synxantha and P. aeruginosa) on the culture of juvenile western king prawns (Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye, 1896). Aquaculture. 289: 310-316.
Haskard CA, El-Nezami HS, Kankaanpää PE, Salminen S and Ahoka JT. 2001. Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria.Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 67: 3086-3091.
Havenaar R and Huis I. 1992.The lactic acid bacteria in health and disease, Volume 1, Wood, B. J. B. (ed). Elsevier, New York, USA.
Holzapfel WH, Haberer P, Snel J, Schillinger U and Veld JHH. 1998. Overview of gut flora and probiotics. International Journal of Food Microbiology.41(2): 85-101.
Hooge D. 2004. Meta-analysis of broiler chicken pen trials evaluating dietary mannan oligosaccharide, 1993–2003. International Journal of Poultry Science. 3: 163–174.
Ibrahem MD, Fathi M, Mesalhy S and El-Aty AA. 2010.Effect of dietary supplementation of inulin and vitamin C on the growth, hematology, innate immunity, and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).Fish and shellfish immunology.29(2): 241-246.
Ikeda Y, Ozaki H, Hayama K, Ikeda S and Minami T. 1976. Diagnostic study on blood constituents in the yellow tail inoculated with Nocardia kampachi. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of the Scientific Fisheries. 42: 1055-1064.
Irianto A and Austin B. 2002.Probiotics in aquaculture.Journal of Fish Diseases. 25: 633-642.
Lilly DM and Stillwell RH. 1965. Probiotics: growth-promoting factors produced by microorganisms. Science.147: 747–748.
Li P and Gatlin III DM. 2005. Evaluation of the prebiotic GroBiotic-A and brewer’s yeast as dietary supplements for sub-adult hybrid striped bass (Moronechrysops x M. saxatilis) challenged in situ with Mycobacterium marinum. Aquaculture. 248: 197-205.
Lipke PN and Ovalle R. 1998. Cell wall architecture in Yeast: New structure and new challenges. Journal of Bacteriology. 180 (15): 3735-3740.
Macfarlane S, Macfarlane GT and Cummings JH. 2006. Review article: prebiotics in the gastrointestinal tract. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 24(5): 701-714.
Magnadóttir B. 2006. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 20: 137-151.
Mansour MR, Akrami R, Ghobadi SH, Denji KA, Ezatrahimi N and Gharaei A. 2012.Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, survival, body composition, and some hematological parameters in giant sturgeon juvenile (HusohusoLinnaeus, 1754).Journal Fish Physiology & Biochemistry. 38(3): 829–835.
Mattar AF, Teitelbaum DH, Drongowski RA, Yongyi F, Harmon CM and Coran AG. 2002. Probiotics up-regulate MUC-2 mucin gene expression in a CaCO2 cell-culture model. Pediatric Surgery International.18: 586-590.
Merrifield DL, Dimitroglou A, Foey A, Davies SJ, Baker RTM, Bøgwald J, Castex M and Ringø E. 2010. The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids. Aquaculture. 302: 1-18.
Metchnikoff E. 1907. The prolongation of life, optimistic studies.Lactic acid as inhibiting intestinal putrefaction. London, UK: Mitchell Heinemann, pp. 161–183.
Mohamed FA. 2009. Histopathological studies on Tilapia zillii and Solea vulgaris from Lake Qarun, Egypt. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences.1(1): 29-39.
Momeni-Moghaddam P, Keyvanshokooh S, Ziaei-NejadS, Salati AP and Pasha-ZanoosiH. 2015. Effects of mannan oligosaccharide supplementation on growth, some immune responses and gut lactic acid bacteria of common carp (Cyprinuscarpio) fingerlings. Veterinary Research Forum. 6(3): 239-244.
Moran CA. 2004. Functional components of the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: applications for yeast glucan and mannan. In: Nutritional Biotechnology in the Feed and Food Industries. Proceedings of Altech’s 20th Annual Symposium: re-imagining the feed industry, Lexington Kentucky, USA, 23-26 May 2004, pp. 283-296.
Moriarty DJW. 1998. Control of luminous Vibrio species in penaeid aquaculture ponds. Aquaculture, 164, 351–358.
Moura P, Marques S, Alves L, Freire JPB, Cunha LF and Esteves MP. 2007. Effect of xylo-oligosaccharides from corn cobs autohydrolysis on the intestinal microbiota of piglets after weaning. Livestock Science. 108: 244-248.
MunirMB, HashimR, Chai YH, Marsh TL and NorSA M.2016. Dietary prebiotics and probiotics influence growth performance, nutrient digestibility and the expression of immune regulatory genes in snakehead (Channastriata) fingerlings. Aquaculture. 460: 59-68.
MunirMB, Hashim R, NorSAM and Marsh TL. 2018. Effect of dietary prebiotics and probiotics on snakehead (Channastriata) health: Haematology and disease resistance parameters against Aeromonas hydrophila. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 75: 99-108.
Mussatto SI and Mancilha IM. 2007. Non-digestible oligosaccharides: A review. Carbohydrate Polymers. 68(3): 587-597.
Myers D. 2007. Probiotics.Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine. 16: 195-197.
Nochta I, Tuboly T, Halas V and Babinszky L. 2009.Effect of different levels of mannan‐oligosaccharide supplementation on some immunological variables in weaned piglets.Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition.93(4): 496-504.
Oatley JT, Rarick MD, Ji GE, and Linz JE. 2000. Binding of aflatoxin B1 to bifidobacteria in vitro.Journal of Food Protection.63(8): 1133-1136.
Ofek I, Goldhar J, Keisari Y and Sharon N. 1995.Nonopsonic phagocytosis of microorganisms. Annual Review of Microbiology. 49(1): 239-276.
Ohashi Y and Ushida K. 2009. Health‐beneficial effects of probiotics: Its mode of action. Animal Science Journal. 80(4): 361-371.
Olsson JC, Westerdahl A, Conway PL and Kjelleberg S. 1992. Intestinal colonization potential of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)- and dab (Limanda limanda)-associated bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Envioronmental Microbiology. 58(2): 551-556.
Oscáriz JC, Lasa I and Pisabarro AG. 1999.Detection and characterization of cerein 7, a new bacteriocin produced by Bacillus cereus with a broad spectrum of activity. FEMSMicrobialogy Letters. 178: 337-341.
Oyofo BA, DeLoach JR, Corrier DE, Norman JO, Ziprin, RL and Mollenhauer HH. 1989. Effect of carbohydrates on Salmonella typhimuriumcolonization in broiler chickens.Avian Diseases. 33(3): 531-534.
Panigrahi A and Azad IS. 2007. Microbial intervention for better fish health in aquaculture: the Indian scenario. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry. 33: 429-440.
Parker RB. 1974.Probiotics, the other half of the antibiotics story.Animal Nutrition Health, 29(4):8.
Prieur D, Mevel G, Nicolas JL, Plusquellec A and Vigneulle M. 1990.Interactions between bivalve molluscs and bacteria in the marine environment. Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual Review.28: 277-352.
Pryor GS, Royes JB, Chapman FA and Miles RD. 2003.Mannan oligosaccharides in fish nutrition: Effects of dietary supplementation on growth and gastrointestinal villi structure in Gulf of Mexico sturgeon. North American Journal of Aquaculture. 65(2): 106-111.
Reza A, Abdolmajid H, Abbas M and Abdolmohammad AK. 2009. Effect of dietary prebiotic inulin on growth performance, intestinal microflora, body composition and hematological parameters of juvenile Beluga, Husohuso (Linnaeus, 1758).Journal of the World Aquaculture Society.40(6): 771-779.
Ringø E. 2008. The ability of carnobacteria isolated from fish intestine to inhibit growth of fish pathogenic bacteria: a screening study. Aquaculture Research.39: 171-180.
Ringø E and Gatesoupe FJ. 1998. Lactic acid bacteria in fish: a review. Aquaculture. 160(3-4): 177–203.
Ringø E, Myklebust R, Mayhew TM and Olsen RE. 2007. Bacterial translocation and pathogenesis in the digestive tract of larvae and fry. Aquaculture. 268(1-4): 251-264.
Ringø E, Olsen RE, Gifstad TØ, Dalmo RA, Amlund H, Hemre GI and Bakke AM. 2010. Prebiotics in aquaculture: a review. Aquaculture Nutrition. 16: 117–136.
Robertson PAW, O’Dowd C, Burrels C, Williams P and Austin B. 2000.Use of Carnobacterium sp. as a probiotic for Atlantic salmon (SalmosalarL.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss, Walbaum). Aquaculture. 185: 235–243.
Roberts RJ. 1978. The pathophysiology and systemic pathology of teleosts. In: Roberts, R. J. (ed), Fish Pathology. Bailliere Tindal, London, UK, pp. 55-91.
Sadeghi AA, Mohammadi A, Shawrang P and Aminafshar M. 2013. Immune responses to dietary inclusion of prebiotic-based mannan-oligosaccharide and β-glucan in broiler chicks challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences.37(2): 206-213.
Sado R Y, Bicudo ÁJDA and Cyrino JEP. 2008. Feeding dietary mannan oligosaccharides to juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus), has no effect on hematological parameters and showed decreased feed consumption. Journal of World Aquaculture Society. 39(6): 821-826.
Sado RY, Domanski FR, Freitas PFD and Sales FB. 2015. Growth, immune status and intestinal morphology of Nile tilapia fed dietary prebiotics (Mannan oligosaccharides-MOS). Latin AmericanJournalofAquatic Research. 43: 944-952.
Salminen S, Bouley C, Boutron-Ruault MC, Cummings JH, Franck A, Gibson GR, Isolauri E, Moreau MC, Roberfroid M and Rowland I. 1998. Functional food science and gastrointestinal physiology and function.British Journal of Nutrition.80: S147-S171.
Salminen S, Isolauri E and Salminen E. 1996. Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 70: 347-358.
Salze G, McLean E, Schwarz MH and Craig SR.2008. Dietary mannan oligosaccharide enhances salinity tolerance and gut development of larval cobia. Aquaculture. 274(1): 148-152.
Sang HM and Fotedar R. 2010.Effects of mannan oligosaccharide dietary supplementation on performances of the tropical spiny lobster juvenile (Panulirusornatus). Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 28(3): 483-489.
Sang HM, Fotedar R and Filer K. 2011.Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide on the survival, growth, immunity and digestive enzyme activity of freshwater crayfish, Cherax destructor Clark (1936).Aquaculture Nutrition 17(2): 629-635.
Sapkota A, Sapkota AR, Kucharski M, Burke J, McKenzie S, Walker P and Lawrence R. 2008. Aquaculture practices and potential human health risks: current knowledge and future priorities. Environment International. 34:1215–1226.
Savage TF, Zakrzewsla EI andAndreasen JR. 1997. The effect of feeding mannan oligosaccharide supplemented diets to poultry on performance and morphology of the small intestine. Journal of Poultry Science. 76: 139.
Schrezenmeir J and de Vrese M. 2001.Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics approaching a definition.American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 73: 361S–364S.
Smith TB, Wahl DH and Mackie RI. 1996. Volatile fatty acids and anaerobic fermentation in temperature piscivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish.Journal of Fish Biology.48: 829-841.
Smith VJ, Brown JH and Hauton C.2003.Immunostimulation in crustaceans: does it really protect against infection?Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 15(1):71–90.
Spring P andPrivulescu M. 1998.Mannan- oligosaccharide: Its logical role as natural feed additive for piglets. In: Lyons, T. P., Jacques, K. A. (eds), Biotechnology in the Feed Industry: Proceedings of Alltech’s 14th Annual Symposium. Nottingham University Press, Nottingham, pp. 553-561.
Staykov Y, Spring P, Denev S and Sweetman J. 2007. Effect of a mannan oligosaccharide on the growth performance and immune status of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss).Aquaculture International. 15: 153-161.
Stoskopf MK. 1993. Fish Medicine. W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, USA. pp. 1-882.
Sugita H, Oshima K, Tamura M and Deguchi Y. 1989.Bacterial flora of gastrointestine of freshwater fishes in the river.Bulletin of Japanese Society Fisheries. 49: 1387-1395.
Sugita H, Miyajima C and Deguchi Y. 1991a. Vitamin B12 producing ability of the intestinal microflora of freshwater fish.Aquaculture.92: 267-276.
Sugita H, Takahashi J, Miyajima C and Deguchi Y. 1991b. Vitamin B12, producing ability of the intestinal microflora of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss).Agricultural Biology and Chemistry. 55: 893-894.
Swain P, Dash S, Sahoo PK, Routray P, Sahoo SK, Gupta SD, Meher PK and Sarangi N. 2007. Non-specific immune parameters of brood Indian major carp Labeorohita and their seasonal variations.Fish and Shellfish Immunology.22(1): 38-43.
Talpur AD, Munir MB, Mary A and Hashim R. 2014. Dietary probiotics and prebiotics improved food acceptability, growth performance, haematology and immunological parameters and disease resistance against Aeromonashydrophila in snakehead (Channasriata) fingerlings. Aquaculture. 426-427, 14-20.
Teshima S and Kashiwada K. 1967.Studies on the production of B vitamins by intestinal bacteria of fish. 3. Isolation of vitamin B 12 synthesizing bacteria and their bacteriological properties. Bulletin of the Japanese Society for the Science of Fish.33: 979-983.
Torrecillas S, Makol A, Caballero MJ, Montero D, Robaina L, Real F, Sweetman J, Tort L and Izquierdo MS. 2007. Immune stimulation and improved infection resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchuslabrax) fed mannan oligosaccharides. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 23(5): 69-981.
Van der Oost R, Beyer J and Vermeulen NPE. 2003. Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology.13(2): 57-149.
Vázquez MJ, Alonso JL, Domínguez H and Parajó JC. 2006. Enhancing the potential of oligosaccharides from corncob autohydrolysis as prebiotic food ingredients. Industrial Crops and Products. 24(2): 152-159.
Venter CS. 2007. Prebiotics: an update. Journal of Family Ecology and Consumer Science. 35: 17-35.
Verschuere L, Rombaut G, Sorgeloos P and Verstraete W. 2000.Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64(4): 655–671.
Vila B, Esteve-Garcia E and Brufau J. 2010. Probiotic micro-organisms: 100 years of innovation and efficiency; modes of action. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 65: 369-380.
Villamil L, Reyes C and Martínez‐Silva MA. 2014. In vivo and in vitro assessment of Lactobacillus acidophilus as probiotic for tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, Perciformes: Cichlidae) culture improvement. Aquaculture Research.45(7): 1116-1125.
Vine NG, Leukes WD and Kaiser H. 2004.In vitro growth characteristics of five candidate aquaculture probiotics and two fish pathogens grown in fish intestinal mucus. FEMS Microbiology Lettlers. 231: 145-152.
Vos AP, M’Rabet L, Stahl B, Boehm G and Garssen J. 2007. Immune-modulatory effects and potential working mechanisms of orally applied nondigestible carbohydrates. Critical Reviews in Immunology. 27(2): 97-140.
Wang Y. 2011. Use of probiotics Bacillus coagulans, Rhodopseudo monaspalustris and Lactobacillus acidophilus as growth promoters in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) fingerlings. Aquaculture Nutrition. 17(2): 372–378.
Wang YB, Li JR and Lin J. 2008. Probiotics in aquaculture: Challenges and outlook. Aquaculture. 281: 1-4.
Welker TL, Lim C, Yildirim-Aksoy M, Shelby R and Klesius PH. 2007. Immune response and resistance to stress and Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge in channel catfish, Ictalurus puncatus, fed diets containing commercial whole-cell yeast or yeast subcomponents. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 38(1): 24-35.
Westerdahl A, Olsson JC, Kjelleberg S and Conway PL. 1991. Isolation and characterization of turbot (Scophtalmus maximus)-associated bacteria with inhibitory effects against Vibrio anguillarum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology.57(8): 2223-2228.
Whyte SK. 2007. The innate immune response of finfish-a review of current knowledge. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 23(6): 1127-1151.
Yilmaz E, Genc MA and Genc E. 2007.Effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharides on growth, body composition, and intestine and liver histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The Israeli Journal of Aquaculture Bamidgeh. 59(3): 182–188.
Yousefian M and Amiri MS. 2009.A review of the use of prebiotic in aquaculture for fish and shrimp. African Journal of Biotechnology. 8(25): 7313-7318.
Zheng ZL, Wang KY, Gatlin III DM and Ye JM. 2011. Evaluation of the ability of GroBiotic®-A to Enhance Growth, Muscle Composition, Immune Responses, and Resistance Against Aeromonas hydrophila in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society. 42(4): 549-557.
